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How to Find an Earth Fault On Board Ship?

Earth fault is considered very critical on board a ship. Some ships which operate at 440V do not have any trip attached for a single earth fault. However when the operating voltage exceeds 3000V. It is mandatory to have protection system which isolates when a machinery suffers an earth fault.

The seriousness of the action to be taken on an Earth fault depends on the part of the electrical system it affects. Conventional ships which operate on 3 Phase, 440V have earth fault indicators installed on all three phases. Any earth fault on a 440V system is considered to be a serious trouble and immediate action is required to identify the faulty circuit. Any earth fault on 220V or any low voltage lighting circuit can be considered as important but need not required immediate attention. However, attention should be paid at the next earliest opportunity.




Finding Earth Fault on 440V circuit
Whenever there is an earth fault alarm, immediately inform to electrical officer. First action is to check the trueness of the alarm. Usually there will be a test button which when pressed resets the alarm and checks the condition of the earth fault.

If the ship is having IAS(Integrated Automation System) check on the computer in the list of the events after which the alarm has activated. If IAS facility is not available, there is only one option of the isolating each and every machinery in the 440V circuit and check whether the earth fault indication returns back to normal. 

Isolation of all machinery, which operates on 440V is not always possible. Certain critical equipment like steering gear and lubricating oil pumps cannot be isolated for when the ship is underway. However changeover can be done from running machinery to the standby one and thus the earth fault can be found.


Finding Earth Fault on 220V Circuit
Finding an Earth on a 220V circuit is comparatively difficult than 440V circuit. The main reason being the lighting circuits found all round the vessel. However any earth fault alarm with respect to a 220V circuit is usually treated as important but not an emergency.

When a 220V earth fault alarms sounds, the trueness of the alarm is checked by pressing the test button and then investigation can be stared on each and every 220V circuit. 

Example: Earth Fault alarm sound on a 220V panel
  1. Check the trueness of the alarm
  2. Isolate the complete group start panel for a lighting division one by one
  3. Check the earth fault indicator for status.......still faulty or normal?
  4. If faulty, then put on the breaker which is put off earlier and isolate other group start panel for lighting circuit.
  5. Once the group start panel is identified, then individual lighting switches are turned off one by one and checked for the alarm condition.
  6. When any switch when turned off and thus the condition becomes normal then this lighting circuit marked and the inspection is done on the particular light for abnormalities.
Alternate Idea: Instead of turning off breakers one by one for the lighting circuit, turn off all lighting of a particular doubted area. This method helps usually when there are two or more earth faults in 220V light circuit. By turning off all the breakers of a particular area, then switching on the breaker one by one will eliminate multiple earth faults.

When I turned off lighting switches one by one, it was difficult for us to identify multiple earth faults.

Once the particular faulty circuit is spotted, then we have to further break them into individual pieces and check them for earth faults. For this as usual, we use megger against earth.
By removing fuse of the two phase lines, each line can be tested and the fault pinned sown.


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